Difference between revisions of "NCSD"

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== Overview ==
 
== Overview ==
−
There are two known specialisations of the NCSD container format. The CTR Cart Image (CCI) format and the CTR System Update (CSU). CCI is the format of retail game ROM dumps. CSU is used with developer system updates and tools
+
There are two known specialisations of the NCSD container format. The CTR Cart Image (CCI) format and the 3DS' raw [[Flash Filesystem#NAND structure|NAND format]]. CCI is the format of game ROM images.
  
−
NCSD images start with a NCSD header, followed by up to a maximum of 8 [[NCCH]] partitions. The first partition([[NCCH]] 0) usually starts at 0x4000, this is generally the main [[NCCH#CXI|NCCH]] (Executable). The following info on partitions 1, 2, and 7 are only valid for .CCI. The second partition([[NCCH]] 1) contains the game's Electronic Manual(The partitionID-high for the Instruction Manual .[[NCCH#CFA|CFA]] is always 0x00050000). The third partition([[NCCH]] 2) contains the download play "Child"(The partitionID-high for the .[[NCCH#CFA|CFA]] containing the DLP Child is always 0x00060000). The eighth block([[NCCH]] 7) contains "Update Data"(The partitionID-high for the .[[NCCH#CFA|CFA]] containing the [[System_Update_CFA|Update Data]] is always 0x80000000). The format of partitions can be determined from the partition FS flags, while the contents can be determined from the partitions flags.
+
'''CTR System Update (CSU)''' is a variant of CCI, where the only difference is in the file extension. This is used with developer System Updates and associated [[3DS Development Unit Software|Tools]].
 +
 
 +
 
 +
NCSD images start with a NCSD header, followed by up to a maximum of 8 [[NCCH]] partitions.
 +
 
 +
For CCI images, the partitions are reserved as follows:
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  [[NCCH]] Index
 +
!  Reserved Use
 +
|-
 +
| 0
 +
| Executable Content ([[NCCH#CXI|CXI]])
 +
|-
 +
| 1
 +
| E-Manual ([[NCCH#CFA|CFA]])
 +
|-
 +
| 2
 +
| [[Download Play]] Child container ([[NCCH#CFA|CFA]])
 +
|-
 +
| 6
 +
| New3DS [[System_Update_CFA|Update Data]] ([[NCCH#CFA|CFA]])
 +
|-
 +
| 7
 +
| [[System_Update_CFA|Update Data]] ([[NCCH#CFA|CFA]])
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
The format of partitions can be determined from the partition FS flags (normally these are zero for CCI/CSU NCSD Images).
  
 
== NCSD header ==
 
== NCSD header ==
Line 32: Line 60:
 
|  0x110
 
|  0x110
 
|  8
 
|  8
−
|  Partitions FS type
+
|  Partitions FS type (0=None, 1=Normal, 3=FIRM, 4=AGB_FIRM save)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x118
 
|  0x118
 
|  8
 
|  8
−
|  Partitions crypt type  
+
|  Partitions crypt type (each byte corresponds to a partition in the partition table)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x120
 
|  0x120
 
|  0x40=(4+4)*8
 
|  0x40=(4+4)*8
−
|  Offset & Length partition table
+
|  Offset & Length partition table, in media units
 +
|-
 +
|  0x160
 +
|  0xA0
 +
|  ...
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
For carts,
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  Offset
 +
!  Size
 +
!  Description
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x160
 
|  0x160
Line 63: Line 103:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x1D0
 
|  0x1D0
−
|  0x30
+
|  0x20
 
|  Reserved
 
|  Reserved
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1F0
 +
| 0xE
 +
| Reserved?
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1FE
 +
| 0x1
 +
| Support for this was implemented with [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] FIRM. Bit0=1 enables using bits 1-2, it's unknown what these two bits are actually used for(the value of these two bits get compared with some other value during NCSD verification/loading). This appears to enable a new, likely hardware-based, antipiracy check on cartridges.
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1FF
 +
| 0x1
 +
| Support for this was implemented with [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] FIRM, see below regarding save crypto.
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
For NAND,
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  Offset
 +
!  Size
 +
!  Description
 +
|-
 +
|  0x160
 +
|  0x5E
 +
|  Unknown
 +
|-
 +
|  0x1BE
 +
|  0x42
 +
|  Encrypted MBR partition-table, for the TWL partitions(key-data used for this keyslot is console-unique).
 +
|}
 +
 +
=== NCSD Signature ===
 +
The RSA public key used for gamecard NCSD is stored in [[Memory_layout|ITCM]]. The separate public key used for NAND NCSD is stored in Process9 .(ro)data instead of ITCM, and in [[Bootloader|boot ROM]].
 +
 +
For the boot ROM check, sighax may be used to fake-sign NAND headers.  Process9's check will fail, however, unless patched.
  
 
=== Partition Flags ===
 
=== Partition Flags ===
Line 72: Line 146:
 
!  Byte Index
 
!  Byte Index
 
!  Description
 
!  Description
 +
|-
 +
| 0
 +
| Backup Write Wait Time (The time to wait to write save to backup after the card is recognized (0-255 seconds)).NATIVE_FIRM loads this flag from the gamecard NCSD header starting with [[6.0.0-11]].
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 3
 
| 3
Line 94: Line 171:
 
!  Byte Index
 
!  Byte Index
 
!  Description
 
!  Description
−
|-
 
−
| 0
 
−
| Unknown, NATIVE_FIRM loads this flag from the gamecard NCSD header starting with [[6.0.0-11]].
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1
 
| 1
−
| Starting with [[6.0.0-11]] NATIVE_FIRM will use this flag to determine the gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method, when flag[3] is set. 2 = hashed keyY, 3 = [[Savegames|new]] keyY method implemented with [[6.0.0-11]].
+
| Starting with [[6.0.0-11]] NATIVE_FIRM will use this flag to determine the gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method, when flag[3] is set. 0 = [[2.0.0-2]] hashed keyY, 1 = [[Savegames|new]] keyY method implemented with [[6.0.0-11]]. 0x0A = implemented with [[9.3.0-21|9.3.0-X]]. On Old3DS this is identical to the [[2.2.0-4]] crypto. On New3DS this is identical to the [[2.2.0-4]] crypto, except with New3DS-only gamecard savedata [[AES|keyslots]].
 +
Starting with [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] FIRM, Process9 now sets <savecrypto_stateval> to partitionflag[1] + <the u8 value from NCSD+0x1FF>, instead of just setting it to partitionflag[1].
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 3
 
| 3
−
| Support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with [[2.0.0-2]]. When this flag is set the hashed gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method is used, this likely still uses the repeating-CTR however. With [[6.0.0-11]] the system will determine the gamecard savegame keyY method via flag[1], instead of just using the hashed keyY via this flag
+
| Support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with [[2.0.0-2]]. When this flag is set the hashed gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method is used, this likely still uses the repeating-CTR however. With [[6.0.0-11]] the system will determine the gamecard savegame keyY method via flag[1], instead of just using the hashed keyY via this flag.
−
|-
+
|-th
 
| 7
 
| 7
 
| This flag enables using the hashed gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method, support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with [[2.2.0-4]]. All games with the NCSD image finalized since [[2.2.0-4]](and contains [[2.2.0-4]]+ in the system update partition) have this flag set, this flag also enables using new CTR method as well.
 
| This flag enables using the hashed gamecard [[Savegames|savegame]] keyY method, support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with [[2.2.0-4]]. All games with the NCSD image finalized since [[2.2.0-4]](and contains [[2.2.0-4]]+ in the system update partition) have this flag set, this flag also enables using new CTR method as well.
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
Starting with [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] FIRM, Process9 will just write val0 to a state field then return 0, instead of returning an error when the save crypto type isn't recognized. This was the *only* actual functionality change in the Old3DS Process9 function for gamecard savedata crypto init.
  
 
== Card Info Header ==
 
== Card Info Header ==
Line 117: Line 194:
 
|  0x200
 
|  0x200
 
|  4
 
|  4
−
|  Writable Address In Media Units (For 'On-Chip' Savedata)
+
|  CARD2: Writable Address In Media Units (For 'On-Chip' Savedata). CARD1: Always 0xFFFFFFFF.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x204
 
|  0x204
Line 124: Line 201:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x208
 
|  0x208
−
|  0xDF8
+
|  0xF8
−
|  Reserved1
+
|  Reserved
 +
|-
 +
|  0x300
 +
|  4
 +
|  Filled size of cartridge
 +
|-
 +
|  0x304
 +
|  0xC
 +
|  Reserved
 +
|-
 +
|  0x310
 +
|  2
 +
|  Title version
 +
|-
 +
|  0x312
 +
|  2
 +
|  Card revision
 +
|-
 +
|  0x314
 +
|  0xC
 +
|  Reserved
 +
|-
 +
|  0x320
 +
|  8
 +
|  Title ID of [[CVer]] in included update partition
 +
|-
 +
|  0x328
 +
|  2
 +
|  Version number of [[CVer]] in included update partition
 +
|-
 +
|  0x32A
 +
|  0xCD6
 +
|  Reserved
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x1000
 
|  0x1000
−
|  8
+
|  0x200
−
|  Media ID (same as first NCCH partitionId)
+
|  InitialData
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== InitialData ===
 +
 
 +
This data is returned by [[Gamecards|16-byte cartridge command]] 0x82.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  OFFSET
 +
!  SIZE
 +
!  DESCRIPTION
 +
|-
 +
|  0x00
 +
|  0x10
 +
|  Seed (keyY used to decrypt the title key - keyX is keyslot 0x3B for production cards, or a key of all zeroes for development cards), consisting of the title ID (little-endian) followed by reserved data (normally all-zero)
 +
|-
 +
|  0x10
 +
|  0x10
 +
|  TitleKey (AES-CCM encrypted)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  0x1008
+
|  0x20
−
|  8
+
|  0x10
−
|  Reserved2
+
|  AES-CCM MAC
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  0x1010
 
 
|  0x30
 
|  0x30
−
|  Initial Data
+
|  0xC
 +
|  AES-CCM nonce
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  0x1040
+
|  0x3C
−
|  0xC0
+
|  0xC4
−
|  Reserved
+
|  Reserved (normally all-zero)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  0x1100
 
 
|  0x100
 
|  0x100
−
|  Copy of first NCCH header (excluding RSA signature)
+
|  0x100
 +
|  NcchHeader (copy of the first NCCH header, excluding the RSA signature)
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 161: Line 289:
 
|  0x1400
 
|  0x1400
 
|  0x10
 
|  0x10
−
|  TitleKey
+
|  TitleKeyData
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  0x1410
 
|  0x1410
−
|  0xF0
+
|  0x1BF0
 
|  CardDeviceReserved2
 
|  CardDeviceReserved2
 +
|-
 +
|  0x3000
 +
|  0x1000
 +
|  TestData
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
TitleKeyData contains the decrypted version of the title key found in the InitialData. This field appears to be what development--and maybe production?--cards read to know what card encryption seed to use in the CTR protocol.
 +
 +
The CardDeviceReserved areas have random-looking data whose purpose is unknown, other than perhaps to hide the TitleKey.
 +
 +
Note that a particular flashcard vendor, namely Gateway, puts what many refer to as "private headers" at CardDeviceReserved1 in place of actual development card information. This header consists of:
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  OFFSET
 +
!  SIZE
 +
!  DESCRIPTION
 +
|-
 +
|  0x0
 +
|  0x40
 +
|  Unique cartridge ID; only the first 0x10 bytes are meaningful, the rest are 0xff; obtainable using encrypted [[Gamecards|16-byte cartridge command]] 0xc6; the first 0x10 bytes can also be obtained in userland via [[Process_Services_PXI|pxi:ps9::GetRomId]]
 +
|-
 +
|  0x40
 +
|  0x4
 +
|  Cartridge ID1; obtainable using 8-byte cartridge command 0x90 or 16-byte cartridge command 0xa2
 +
|-
 +
|  0x44
 +
|  0x4
 +
|  Cartridge ID2; obtainable using 8-byte cartridge command 0xa0 or 16-byte cartridge command 0xa4
 +
|-
 +
|  0x48
 +
|  0x8
 +
|  Padding (all-0xff)
 +
|}
 +
 +
The legitimacy of the unique cartridge ID can be validated by online services.
 +
 +
Some dumping tools, notably GodMode9 as of 2024-05-26, erroneously always write 0x00000000 into the position of the Cartridge ID2. This is presumably because the cartridge ID2 is always zero for retail carts.
 +
 +
=== TestData ===
 +
The test data is the same one encountered in development DS/DSi cartridges. Its layout is as follows:
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  OFFSET
 +
!  SIZE
 +
!  DESCRIPTION
 +
|-
 +
|  0x0
 +
|  0x8
 +
|  The bytes FF 00 FF 00 AA 55 AA 55.
 +
|-
 +
|  0x8
 +
|  0x1F8
 +
|  An ascending byte sequence equal to the offset mod 256 (08 09 0A ... FE FF 00 01 ... FF).
 +
|-
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  A descending byte sequence equal to 255 minus the offset mod 256 (FF FE FD ... 00 FF DE ... 00).
 +
|-
 +
|  0x400
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  Filled with 00 (0b00000000) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0x600
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  Filled with FF (0b11111111) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0x800
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  Filled with 0F (0b00001111) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0xA00
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  Filled with F0 (0b11110000) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0xC00
 +
|  0x200
 +
|  Filled with 55 (0b01010101) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0xE00
 +
|  0x1FF
 +
|  Filled with AA (0b10101010) bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|  0xFFF
 +
|  0x1
 +
|  The final byte is 00 (0b00000000).
 +
|}
 +
 +
Production cards always return FF when attempting to read 0x1200-0x3FFF. They probably actually have the same data as development cards, but there's no way to read it.
  
 
== Tools ==
 
== Tools ==

Latest revision as of 12:17, 2 June 2024

This page documents the format of NCSD.

Overview[edit]

There are two known specialisations of the NCSD container format. The CTR Cart Image (CCI) format and the 3DS' raw NAND format. CCI is the format of game ROM images.

CTR System Update (CSU) is a variant of CCI, where the only difference is in the file extension. This is used with developer System Updates and associated Tools.


NCSD images start with a NCSD header, followed by up to a maximum of 8 NCCH partitions.

For CCI images, the partitions are reserved as follows:

NCCH Index Reserved Use
0 Executable Content (CXI)
1 E-Manual (CFA)
2 Download Play Child container (CFA)
6 New3DS Update Data (CFA)
7 Update Data (CFA)

The format of partitions can be determined from the partition FS flags (normally these are zero for CCI/CSU NCSD Images).

NCSD header[edit]

Offset Size Description
0x000 0x100 RSA-2048 SHA-256 signature of the NCSD header
0x100 4 Magic Number 'NCSD'
0x104 4 Size of the NCSD image, in media units (1 media unit = 0x200 bytes)
0x108 8 Media ID
0x110 8 Partitions FS type (0=None, 1=Normal, 3=FIRM, 4=AGB_FIRM save)
0x118 8 Partitions crypt type (each byte corresponds to a partition in the partition table)
0x120 0x40=(4+4)*8 Offset & Length partition table, in media units
0x160 0xA0 ...

For carts,

Offset Size Description
0x160 0x20 Exheader SHA-256 hash
0x180 0x4 Additional header size
0x184 0x4 Sector zero offset
0x188 8 Partition Flags (See Below)
0x190 0x40=8*8 Partition ID table
0x1D0 0x20 Reserved
0x1F0 0xE Reserved?
0x1FE 0x1 Support for this was implemented with 9.6.0-X FIRM. Bit0=1 enables using bits 1-2, it's unknown what these two bits are actually used for(the value of these two bits get compared with some other value during NCSD verification/loading). This appears to enable a new, likely hardware-based, antipiracy check on cartridges.
0x1FF 0x1 Support for this was implemented with 9.6.0-X FIRM, see below regarding save crypto.

For NAND,

Offset Size Description
0x160 0x5E Unknown
0x1BE 0x42 Encrypted MBR partition-table, for the TWL partitions(key-data used for this keyslot is console-unique).

NCSD Signature[edit]

The RSA public key used for gamecard NCSD is stored in ITCM. The separate public key used for NAND NCSD is stored in Process9 .(ro)data instead of ITCM, and in boot ROM.

For the boot ROM check, sighax may be used to fake-sign NAND headers. Process9's check will fail, however, unless patched.

Partition Flags[edit]

Byte Index Description
0 Backup Write Wait Time (The time to wait to write save to backup after the card is recognized (0-255 seconds)).NATIVE_FIRM loads this flag from the gamecard NCSD header starting with 6.0.0-11.
3 Media Card Device (1 = NOR Flash, 2 = None, 3 = BT) (SDK 3.X+)
4 Media Platform Index (1 = CTR)
5 Media Type Index (0 = Inner Device, 1 = Card1, 2 = Card2, 3 = Extended Device)
6 Media Unit Size i.e. u32 MediaUnitSize = 0x200*2^flags[6];
7 Media Card Device (1 = NOR Flash, 2 = None, 3 = BT) (Only SDK 2.X)

Partition Flags (In Terms of Save Crypto Determination)[edit]

Byte Index Description
1 Starting with 6.0.0-11 NATIVE_FIRM will use this flag to determine the gamecard savegame keyY method, when flag[3] is set. 0 = 2.0.0-2 hashed keyY, 1 = new keyY method implemented with 6.0.0-11. 0x0A = implemented with 9.3.0-X. On Old3DS this is identical to the 2.2.0-4 crypto. On New3DS this is identical to the 2.2.0-4 crypto, except with New3DS-only gamecard savedata keyslots.

Starting with 9.6.0-X FIRM, Process9 now sets <savecrypto_stateval> to partitionflag[1] + <the u8 value from NCSD+0x1FF>, instead of just setting it to partitionflag[1].

3 Support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with 2.0.0-2. When this flag is set the hashed gamecard savegame keyY method is used, this likely still uses the repeating-CTR however. With 6.0.0-11 the system will determine the gamecard savegame keyY method via flag[1], instead of just using the hashed keyY via this flag.
7 This flag enables using the hashed gamecard savegame keyY method, support for this flag was implemented in NATIVE_FIRM with 2.2.0-4. All games with the NCSD image finalized since 2.2.0-4(and contains 2.2.0-4+ in the system update partition) have this flag set, this flag also enables using new CTR method as well.

Starting with 9.6.0-X FIRM, Process9 will just write val0 to a state field then return 0, instead of returning an error when the save crypto type isn't recognized. This was the *only* actual functionality change in the Old3DS Process9 function for gamecard savedata crypto init.

Card Info Header[edit]

OFFSET SIZE DESCRIPTION
0x200 4 CARD2: Writable Address In Media Units (For 'On-Chip' Savedata). CARD1: Always 0xFFFFFFFF.
0x204 4 Card Info Bitmask
0x208 0xF8 Reserved
0x300 4 Filled size of cartridge
0x304 0xC Reserved
0x310 2 Title version
0x312 2 Card revision
0x314 0xC Reserved
0x320 8 Title ID of CVer in included update partition
0x328 2 Version number of CVer in included update partition
0x32A 0xCD6 Reserved
0x1000 0x200 InitialData

InitialData[edit]

This data is returned by 16-byte cartridge command 0x82.

OFFSET SIZE DESCRIPTION
0x00 0x10 Seed (keyY used to decrypt the title key - keyX is keyslot 0x3B for production cards, or a key of all zeroes for development cards), consisting of the title ID (little-endian) followed by reserved data (normally all-zero)
0x10 0x10 TitleKey (AES-CCM encrypted)
0x20 0x10 AES-CCM MAC
0x30 0xC AES-CCM nonce
0x3C 0xC4 Reserved (normally all-zero)
0x100 0x100 NcchHeader (copy of the first NCCH header, excluding the RSA signature)

Development Card Info Header Extension[edit]

OFFSET SIZE DESCRIPTION
0x1200 0x200 CardDeviceReserved1
0x1400 0x10 TitleKeyData
0x1410 0x1BF0 CardDeviceReserved2
0x3000 0x1000 TestData

TitleKeyData contains the decrypted version of the title key found in the InitialData. This field appears to be what development--and maybe production?--cards read to know what card encryption seed to use in the CTR protocol.

The CardDeviceReserved areas have random-looking data whose purpose is unknown, other than perhaps to hide the TitleKey.

Note that a particular flashcard vendor, namely Gateway, puts what many refer to as "private headers" at CardDeviceReserved1 in place of actual development card information. This header consists of:

OFFSET SIZE DESCRIPTION
0x0 0x40 Unique cartridge ID; only the first 0x10 bytes are meaningful, the rest are 0xff; obtainable using encrypted 16-byte cartridge command 0xc6; the first 0x10 bytes can also be obtained in userland via pxi:ps9::GetRomId
0x40 0x4 Cartridge ID1; obtainable using 8-byte cartridge command 0x90 or 16-byte cartridge command 0xa2
0x44 0x4 Cartridge ID2; obtainable using 8-byte cartridge command 0xa0 or 16-byte cartridge command 0xa4
0x48 0x8 Padding (all-0xff)

The legitimacy of the unique cartridge ID can be validated by online services.

Some dumping tools, notably GodMode9 as of 2024-05-26, erroneously always write 0x00000000 into the position of the Cartridge ID2. This is presumably because the cartridge ID2 is always zero for retail carts.

TestData[edit]

The test data is the same one encountered in development DS/DSi cartridges. Its layout is as follows:

OFFSET SIZE DESCRIPTION
0x0 0x8 The bytes FF 00 FF 00 AA 55 AA 55.
0x8 0x1F8 An ascending byte sequence equal to the offset mod 256 (08 09 0A ... FE FF 00 01 ... FF).
0x200 0x200 A descending byte sequence equal to 255 minus the offset mod 256 (FF FE FD ... 00 FF DE ... 00).
0x400 0x200 Filled with 00 (0b00000000) bytes.
0x600 0x200 Filled with FF (0b11111111) bytes.
0x800 0x200 Filled with 0F (0b00001111) bytes.
0xA00 0x200 Filled with F0 (0b11110000) bytes.
0xC00 0x200 Filled with 55 (0b01010101) bytes.
0xE00 0x1FF Filled with AA (0b10101010) bytes.
0xFFF 0x1 The final byte is 00 (0b00000000).

Production cards always return FF when attempting to read 0x1200-0x3FFF. They probably actually have the same data as development cards, but there's no way to read it.

Tools[edit]

ctrtool - (CMD)(Windows/Linux) Parsing NCSD files

3DSExplorer - (GUI)(Windows Only) Parsing NCSD files

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