NWM Services

These NWM services are used for local-WLAN communications, NWM module handles regular wifi APs as well. These services are used for creating/connecting to networks, and for sending/receiving data over the network etc. NWM module uses the wifi SDIO hardware via the IO registers for this.

NWM local-WLAN service "nwm::UDS"

Command Header	Available since system version	Description
0x00010442		Initialize Deprecated. Appears to be handled about the same way as NWMUDS:InitializeWithVersion, except this uses version=0x100 internally instead of loading it from the command request.
0x00020000		Scrap Not used by sub-wars. This sets a state value to 0x2 then signals an event. This is probably some sort of shutdown command since this state write will result in all UDS commands returning an error if used afterwards.
0x00030000		Shutdown
0x00040402		CreateNetwork Deprecated. Only used by very old titles.
0x00050040		EjectClient
0x00060000		EjectSpectator
0x00070080		UpdateNetworkAttribute
0x00080000		DestroyNetwork
0x00090442		ConnectNetwork Deprecated. Only used by very old titles.
0x000A0000		DisconnectNetwork
0x000B0000		GetConnectionStatus
0x000C0000		This writes two output u8 values to cmdreply[2] +0/+1. Not used by sub-wars.
0x000D0040		GetNodeInformation
0x000E0006		Identical to DecryptBeaconData. Deprecated, only used by old titles.
0x000F0404		RecvBeaconBroadcastData
0x00100042		SetApplicationData
0x00110040		GetApplicationData
0x00120100		Bind
0x00130040		Unbind
0x001400C0		PullPacket
0x00150080		SetMaxSendDelay(u64 unk) Not used by sub-wars.
0x00160040		(u8 inputval) Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.
0x00170182		SendTo
0x00180040		(u16 inputval) Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.
0x00190040		(u32 inputval) Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.
0x001A0000		GetChannel
0x001B0302		InitializeWithVersion
0x001C0040		(u8 inputval) Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.
0x001D0044	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	BeginHostingNetwork This is a replacement for the original network-creation command.
0x001E0084	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	ConnectToNetwork This is a replacement for the original network-connection command.
0x001F0006	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	DecryptBeaconData
0x00200040	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	Flush (u8 data_frame_index) Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.
0x00210080	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	SetProbeResponseParam
0x00220402	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	ScanOnConnection
0x00230000	Unknown, >2.0.0-2	This writes an output u16 value to cmdreply[2]. Unknown. Not used by sub-wars.

PullPacket is used for receiving data over the network and SendTo is for sending data over the network.

NWM infrastructure service "nwm::INF"

Command Header	Description
0x00010000	?
0x00020000	?
0x00030000	?
0x00040000	?
0x00050000	?
0x000603C4	RecvBeaconBroadcastData
0x00070742	ConnectToEncryptedAP
0x00080302	ConnectToAP
0x00090000	?
0x000A0000	?
0x000B0000	?, return event handle in cmdbuf[3]
0x000C0040	?
0x000D0000	?
0x000E0002	?
0x000F0082	?
0x00100040	?

NWM socket service "nwm::SOC"

Command Header	Description
0x00010042	(u32 size, <static_buffer translate-hdr with static_buf_id=0>, addr) ?
0x00020080	(u32 unk, u32 size) Unknown. Uses size=0x5F8 internally unless the input is <=0x5F8. Uses an ipc static_buffer(static_buf_id=0) for output with the specified size(also used when writing the translate-hdr). Writes an output u32 to cmdreply[2].
0x00030042	(u32 unk, u32 size, <static_buffer translate-hdr with static_buf_id=0>, addr) ?
0x00040042	(u32 size, u32 unk, <static_buffer translate-hdr with static_buf_id=1>, addr) ?
0x00050040	(u32 unk) ?
0x00060080	(u32 unk0, u16 unk1) ?
0x00070040	(u16 unk) This writes an output u32 to cmdreply[2].
0x00080040	GetMACAddress
0x00090000	This just copies data from state to the cmdreply, this always returns 0. u32 cmdreply[2] = sharedmem_size, cmdreply[4] = sharedmem_handle, cmdreply[5] = eventhandle.
0x000A0040	(u32 unk) ?
0x000B0040	(u32 unk) This writes an output u32 to cmdreply[2].
0x000C0040	(u32 unk) ?
0x000D0002	(kernel_processid_translatehdr, u32 processid) ?

The only sysmodule which uses this is socket-sysmodule. The first command used by socket-module is cmd9.

NWM local-WLAN StreetPass service "nwm::CEC"

Command Header	Description
0x00060002	Unknown, called by CECD module, cmdbuf[2] takes an event handle.
0x000D0082	SendProbeRequest

NWM service "nwm::EXT"

Command Header	Available since system version	Description
0x00010000	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00020000	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00030000	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00040040	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00050002	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00060000	<=2.0.0-2	?
0x00070000	<=2.0.0-2	This copies 0x1C-bytes from NWM-module state to the data starting at cmdreply[2].
0x00080040	<=2.0.0-2	ControlWirelessEnabled
0x00090000	<=2.0.0-2	?

BeaconDataReply Structure

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x4	Max output size, from the command request.
0x4	0x4	Total amount of output data written relative to struct+0. 0xC when there's no entries.
0x8	0x4	Total entries, 0 for none.
0xC	<Rest of the structure>	Beacon entries.

Beacon entry:

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x4	Size of this entire entry. The next entry starts at curentry_startoffset+curentry_size.
0x4	0x1	?
0x5	0x1	AP wifi channel.
0x6	0x1	?
0x7	0x1	?
0x8	0x6	AP MAC address.
0xE	0x6	?
0x14	0x4	Size of this entire entry, games use this value to traverse the beacons list.
0x18	0x4	Value 0x1C(size of this header and/or offset to the actual beacon data).
0x1C	Entry_size - 0x1C	The actual beacon data is located here, starting at the 802.11 management frame header.

This section describes the structure returned by NWMINF:RecvBeaconBroadcastData and NWMUDS:RecvBeaconBroadcastData.

ScanInputStruct

Index Word	Description
0	Two unknown u16s.
1	Two unknown u16s.
2-3	Host MAC address. The 6-bytes located here are normally all 0xFF, for all hosts. Otherwise when not set to broadcast-MAC, the command will only return info for the specified host MAC address.
4-12	Uninitialized for UDS.

This section describes the 0x34-byte input structure used by NWMINF:RecvBeaconBroadcastData and NWMUDS:RecvBeaconBroadcastData.

Local-WLAN

UDS is used for 3DS<>3DS local-WLAN communications, and for 3DS<>Wii U communications. The latter is mainly only used for multi-player in games.

All UDS local-WLAN communications have the CCMP key for data encryption generated via NWM module. The CCMP key passed to nwm::CEC commands(stored in a 0x44-byte input structure) for StreetPass is generated by the CECD module. The input data used with EncryptDecryptAes with keytype1 is a MD5 hash over the input passphrase. This input passphrase is fixed for Download Play, it's unique per local-WLAN application. The CTR is a MD5 hash over the below 0x10-byte structure. The output from encrypting that data with AES-CTR is the final CCMP key. This passphrase is a raw input buffer: while the passphrase specified by user-processes is normally a string with the NUL-terminator included, it can be anything(like the WirelessRebootPassphrase for example).

The maximum number of nodes(including the host) which can be on an UDS network is 16.

NodeID

There are two types of client connections: regular Client, and Spectator. The latter never sends any 802.11 frame at all to the host, hence nothing actually connected to the network(including the host) can know about any spectators. Once a spectator is "connected" to a network, it can only receive broadcasted data, no sending.

DLP-client connects to the network as a spectator during DLP scanning to get various metadata including icon data.

NetworkNodeID

This is the network u16 ID for each device on the UDS network. NodeID 0xFFFF is a broadcast alias. 0x1 is for the host, the 0x2 for the first client, 0x3 for the second client, and so on.

The spectator doesn't have a NetworkNodeID, since it can't send any data.

NetworkNodeIDs for clients do not change when any clients disconnect, likewise for the encrypted node-listing stored in the wifi beacons. When a client disconnects, the corresponding NetworkNodeID bit in the node_bitmask is cleared. When a client is connecting, the client is assigned the NetworkNodeID with the lowest corresponding clear-bit in the node_bitmask, then that bit is set.

BindNodeID

This u32 is an ID only used on the local device. How many devices are on the network or which device this system is does not affect this ID.

The spectator uses BindNodeID 0x1. DLP uses BindNodeID 0x3 when connecting as an actual client. Hence, it seems BindNodeID bit0 is spectator-related. All normal nodes(host/client) start with BindNodeID 0x2. When connecting to a network again(and probably with network creation) without reinitializing NWMUDS, official user processes increase the used BindNodeID by 0x2.

BindNodeID value 0x0 is invalid. The maximum number of BindNodeIDs which can be open at the same time is 16.

Application data transfer

The protocol used for sending/receiving data over the network with UDS by official applications is PRUDP(in some cases at least). Mario Kart 7 uses PRUDP here. Triforce Heroes uses plaintext for whatever protocol it uses for UDS.

The UDS version of PRUDP is different from the normal UDP version it appears(no afa1/a1af data for example).

Communication protocol

The process of connecting to a host and exchanging data follows the sequence:

Client->Server: Authentication frame SEQ1

Server->Client: Authentication frame SEQ2

Server->Client: Association Response frame with association id

[From here on, the client is paired with the server]

Client->Server: Encrypted data packet containing an 8-byte 802.2 LLC header with ethertype = EAPoL (0x888E) and an u16 header of 0x201 (EAPoL-Start)

Server->Broadcast: Encrypted data packet containing the updated node information after the client connected (Using ethertype = SecureData).

Server->Client: Encrypted data packet containing an 8-byte 802.2 LLC header with ethertype = EAPoL (0x888E) and an u16 header of 0x0202(EAPoL-Logoff)

[From here on, data packets sent using SendTo are encapsulated with an LLC header with ethertype = 0x876D (SecureData)]

[The client also sends periodic SecureData data frames on its own, these are probably ping frames]

Data frames

Data is transferred over the network using NWMUDS:PullPacket/NWMUDS:SendTo. That data is transferred using 802.11 data frames using CCMP encryption. The encrypted data contained in the frame starts with the 0x8-byte LLC header, then the 0xE-byte NWM header, followed by the actual application data from the previously mentioned commands. When NWMUDS:SendTo was used with dst_NodeID = broadcast, the data frame is sent to the 802.11 broadcast MAC address. Otherwise with a specific NodeID, the data frame is sent to the actual MAC address for that device.

Official application data is normally stored here as big-endian.

Special data channels

Channel	Description
0x101	Used when broadcasting the updated node information after a new client connects.
0x103	Used when sending what appears to be "ping" or "null" frames.
0x104	Used to signal the ejection of all spectators in the network.

SecureData NWM header

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x2	Size of the entire frame minus the 8 bytes from the LLC header.
0x2	0x2	unknown
0x4	0x2	Size of the entire frame minus 12 bytes.
0x6	0x2	Data channel. Applications can only use the low 8 bits, channels greater than 255 are reserved for management functions.
0x8	0x2	Sequence number, incremented after each sent packet.
0xA	0x2	Destination network node id
0xC	0x2	Source network node id

This data is stored as big-endian.

EAPoL-Start frame

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x2	Always 0x201 in big-endian.
0x2	0x2	Association id of the sending client in big-endian.
0x4	0x2	Unknown. Always 0x1 in big-endian. The parser for this packet errors out if this is > 3.
0x6	0x2	Unknown
0x8	0x28	NodeInfo structure with all fields in big-endian

This data is stored as big-endian.

EAPoL-Logoff frame

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x2	Always 0x202 in big-endian.
0x2	0x2	Unknown. Always 0?
0x4	0x2	Assigned network node id.
0x6	0x6	Mac address of the newly connected client.
0xC	0x4	Unknown
0x10	0x2	Unknown. Always 0.
0x12	0x1	Number of connected nodes, including the new client.
0x13	0x1	Max number of nodes.
0x14	0x2	Always 0.
0x16	0x2	Unknown.
0x18	0x280	List of 16 NodeInfo structures with all fields in big-endian

This data is stored as big-endian.

Structure used for generating the CTR for CCMP key generation

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x4	wlancommID
0x4	0x4	networkID
0x8	0x6	Host MAC address.
0xE	0x2	id8

This data is stored as little-endian.

CTR used for beacon tags crypto

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x6	Host MAC address
0x6	0x4	wlancommID
0xA	0x1	id8
0xB	0x1	Padding, value zero.
0xC	0x4	networkID

This data is stored as little-endian. All data here is all-zero except for the MAC address, when the u8 at offset 0x8 in the network-struct is 0.

Network structure

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x6	This is the MAC address of the host. This is used for when connecting to the network.
0x6	0x1	This is actually written as an u16 without byte-swapping. This is the network wifi channel. When connecting this is normally non-zero. When hosting, this can be 0 to automatically select a channel, otherwise the specified channel is used. When non-zero official user-processes require this value to be one of the following when hosting: 1, 6, or 11.
0x7	0x1	Padding
0x8	0x1	Initialized flag. Must be non-zero otherwise NWM-module will use value 0x0 for most/all(?) fields in this structure when reading these fields.
0xC	0x3	This is the OUI value for use with the beacon tags. Normally this is 001F32.
0xF	0x1	OUI type (21/0x15)
0x10	0x4	wlancommID. Local-WLAN communication ID, normally this is: (user_process uniqueID << 8) | val. Where val is 0x10 on retail(ENVINFO bit0 set), 0x90 for devunit. Official software includes an input bool flag parameter for setting bit0 in this wlancommID, normally that flag isn't set. For Download Play, this is always 0x2810 on retail(0x2890 on devunit). This wlancommID can have the side affect of region-locking when the title uses the uniqueID for the current title(hard-coded in .text normally), instead of using a fixed input uniqueID for each region of the title.
0x14	0x1	id8. ID, for Download Play this is 0x55. 0x55/'U' seems to be used for networks where Wii U can host it(Download Play, Smash Bros, ...) - this value isn't known to be actually checked anywhere however.
0x15	0x1	Some sort of counter for how many times this network was connected to?
0x16	0x2	This network attributes u16 bitmask can be written via NWMUDS:UpdateNetworkAttribute. Bitmasks: 0x1: When set, spectators are not allowed to connect(see here). Checked by official user-processes before using NWMUDS:ConnectToNetwork, when connecting as a Spectator. Must be clear otherwise that code returns error 0xE10113EA. If the initialized_flag at offset 0x8 is zero, this code handles it the same way as if this bit was set. The latest NWM-module handles checking this bit itself however. 0x2: When set, new regular-clients are not allowed to connect. 0x4: Unknown, has no affect on new clients/spectators connecting. Official software has an option for setting this bit via an input flag from the same code using bitmask 0x2. Official software always clears bitmask 0x6 when unblocking new connections.
0x18	0x4	u32 networkID, randomly-generated when creating the network. The network SSID used when a client connects to the network is sprintf(out, "%08X", networkID).
0x1C	0x1	Total number of currently connected nodes, including the host.
0x1D	0x1	Maximum number of nodes, including the host. This also is the total number of entries stored under the array in the encrypted beacon data.
0x1E	0x1	?
0x1F	0x1	?
0x3F	0x1	Size of appdata.
0x40	0xC8	Appdata(Application data), if any. Size of the appdata is specified via the u8 at offset 0x3F. This data is not used when the size-field is zero.

This 0x108-byte structure is used for NWMUDS:BeginHostingNetwork, NWMUDS:ConnectToNetwork, etc. This data is stored as big-endian.

NodeInfo structure

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x8	u64 ID, this is the UDS version of the FriendCodeSeed. This is loaded from BlkID 0x00090000 in the system-config via CfgS:GetConfigInfoBlk2.
0x8	0x14	The first 0x18-bytes from BlkID 0x000A0000 in the system-config loaded via CfgS:GetConfigInfoBlk2 is written here by user-processes. However, the data at +0x14(absolute offset 0x1C) is written by NWM-module later.
0x1C	0x2	u16, unknown. Set to 0x0 with the output from NWMUDS:DecryptBeaconData.
0x1E	0x1	u8 flag, unknown. Originates from the u16 bitmask in the beacon node-list header. This flag is normally 0 since that bitmask is normally 0?
0x1F	0x1	Padding?
0x20	0x2	u16 NetworkNodeID
0x22	0x6	Normally zero?

The first 0x20-bytes are written by the user-process before using this structure with NWMUDS:InitializeWithVersion. The data starting at offset 0x8 is only initialized by NWM-module.

UDS Beacons

The UDS host broadcasts a beacon containing at least two Nintendo-vendor tags(tag number 0xDD, see above for the OUI), normally the data stored in these tags are static. The second tag contains the big-endian u32 networkID, used by the clients when connecting to the host and for the above CCMP key generation. The Nintendo-vendor tag(s) following the first two are unique to the process using UDS, these tags are used for broadcasting metadata regarding the host.

A tool for these beacons is available here: [1]

UDS Beacon Tags

The following is the structure of each tag, starting at the OUI. The order of the tags is the same as listed below. All data stored under these tags are stored as big-endian.

OUI Type 20

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x3	OUI, see above.
0x3	0x1	OUI type (20/0x14)
0x4	0x3	Sample data: 0a 00 00

Normally the size of this tag(from the tag size field) is 0x07.

OUI Type 21

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x1F	This is the network structure starting at offset 0xC, with the first 0x1F-bytes from there.
0x1F	0x14	SHA1 hash. When doing the hashing, this hash is cleared to zero. The hash data starts at offset 0x0(OUI), and the size is 0x34 + <value of the u8 at offset 0x33>.
0x33	0x1	Size of appdata. Normally zero. When non-zero this appdata is located at offset 0x34.

Normally the size of this tag(from the tag size field) is 0x34, not including appdata.

OUI Type 24

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x3	OUI, see above.
0x3	0x1	OUI type (24/0x18)
0x4	See below	Encrypted data

This is the tag0 used with NWMUDS:DecryptBeaconData. The size of data stored under this tag has a maximum size of 0xFA-bytes, however normally the size is smaller than that. Additional encrypted data, if any, is stored under the below tag1.

OUI Type 25

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x3	OUI, see above.
0x3	0x1	OUI type (25/0x19)
0x4	See above	Encrypted data

When this exists in the beacon, this is the tag1 used with NWMUDS:DecryptBeaconData. The data stored here is the 0xFA-bytes following the previous encrypted data in tag0, for more space for storing the encrypted data.

Encrypted beacon data

The following structure is for the plaintext version of the encrypted data, stored as big-endian.

This data is encrypted with AES-CTR, by NWM module in software. The AES key is stored in NWM module itself. See above for the CTR. The size of this encrypted data is 0x12 + (0x1E*val), where val is the u8 from networkstruct offset 0x1D.

Structure

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x10	MD5 over the rest of the data following this(plaintext).
0x10	0x2	u16 bitmask. Unknown, normally 0? Bit0 is for entry0, bit1 for entry1, and so on.
0x12	0x1E * <total array entries>	This is an array of entries for each of the devices on this network, the first entry is for the host and the rest is for the client(s).

Array entry

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	0x1C	This is the first 0x1C-bytes of the NodeInfo structure, stored as big-endian.
0x1C	0x2	u16 NetworkNodeID, stored as big-endian.

Each entry is for a node.

Mapped IO

All of the IO mapped under the NWM-module process is listed below:

Userland address	Physical address	Size	Description
0x1EC22000	0x10122000	0x1000	WIFI_Registers
0x1EC40000	0x10140000	0x1000	PDN_Registers
0x1EE22000	0x10322000	0x1000

Errors

Error code	Description
0xC8A06C0D	The operation being performed is already done (e.g., if you run NWMEXT_ControlWirelessEnabled to turn wifi on when it's on already, you can't turn it on again).
0xC8A113EA	Returned when the command isn't allowed to be used on this device.
0xC90113FA	Node doesn't exist / invalid NetworkNodeID?
0xC92113FB	Returned when trying to connect to a host when the host has the specified connection-type blocked via the network attributes. There might be other causes too.
0xE10113E9	Returned when the input size is invalid. Returned by NWMUDS:PullPacket when the input size is smaller than the frame_size.
0xE10113EA	Invalid bind / data_channel is invalid(0x0).