3dbrew - User contributions [en]

Title

2016-12-11T23:22:21Z

Lynn: Redirected page to Titles

#REDIRECT [[Titles]]

Glossary

2016-12-11T23:21:12Z

Lynn: /* T */

A miniature dictionary for terms that may be encountered on 3DSBrew.

<div class="noautonum">__TOC__</div>

== A ==

=== AXI WRAM ===

The name given to 512KiB of SRAM ("Work" RAM) connected to the SOC via AXI. It is where the ARM11 kernel resides.

=== appcore ===

appcore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run games and other [[NCCH]] content. The other core is called [[#syscore|syscore]].

== C ==

=== C ===

A language homebrew developers program in, also used to make everything from web browsers to timers for computers.

=== C++ ===

An object oriented language homebrew developers program in. Like its name suggests, C++ is essentially a step up from C.

=== CCI ===
[[NCSD#Overview|CTR Cart Image]]. A file extension for game ROM images. The file format is a specialisation of the [[NCSD]] container format.

=== CFA ===
[[NCCH#CFA|CTR File Archive]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain non-executable data.

=== CIA ===
[[CIA|CTR Importable Archive]]. A file extension for archives from [[Title_list|Nintendo's CDN]].

=== Citra ===
A work-in-progress Nintendo 3DS emulator.

=== CTR ===
Nintendo’s codename for the Nintendo 3DS.

=== CXI ===
[[NCCH#CXI|CTR eXecutable Image]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain executable code.

== D ==

=== DSi ===

A handheld console created by Nintendo. It is the second successor to the Nintendo DS, and the 6th generation portable Nintendo gaming system. It features two (larger) screens, two cameras, and an online shop system. The menu is also overhauled, now using similar channels as used on the Wii. It has a screen brightness that can be set to one step higher than the DS Lite.

=== DS Lite ===

The predecessor to the DSi. It came after the original DS PHAT and has a screen that can be set to 4x as bright as the DS PHAT.

=== DS "PHAT" ===

The original Nintendo DS. It ended up being the successor to the Game Boy, though Nintendo did not intend for this to happen. It added a touch screen.

=== DSP ===

Digital Signal Processor. The 3DS uses a DSP core to do the audio mixing instead of relaying on dedicated mixing hardware like the predecessor.

=== DSiWare ===

A platform started by Nintendo that allows developers to cheaply create and then sell original content at low prices (compared to the prices of brand new DSi games). All DSiWare games are available on the DSi Shop Channel on the main menu.

=== Dump ===

To extract the protected contents of something like a chip, NAND drive or disc which are otherwise inaccessible and/or incomprehensible under normal circumstances.

=== DS Download Play ===

Another application built into the Nintendo 3DS firmware. It is a place where people can download multiplayer games from another DS or 3DS. With those compatible games it is possible to use only one game card while playing with several people.

== E ==

=== Exploit ===

A circumvention of security allowing a user to perform tasks that are not normally permitted. Often several exploits will be employed in a series with the user gaining increased authority over a system at each step, the goal typically being complete access and control.

== F ==

=== FCRAM ===

FCRAM (Fast Cycle RAM) is a new technology developed by the Fujitsu Corporation that approaches the problem of DRAM/Processor speed in a different way. It is one of the components of 3DS hardware.

== G ==

=== gx ===

The official API provided by Nintendo to access the 3DS's graphics subsystem.

== H ==

=== Hexadecimal (Hex) ===

A term used to describe the base 16 number system, in which each digit represents four bits. After the digits 0-9, the letters A-F are used to represent the values 10-15. Hexadecimal is the preferred format for displaying binary data, as it is easy to mentally convert to/from binary and uses only 2 characters per byte.

=== Home Menu ===

The 3DS's [[Home Menu]] is the main interface which appears after the health warning screen when the system is powered on. In the 3DS this is where all of your default and downloaded channels and games are.

== I ==

=== IRC ===

Internet Relay Chat is, real-time text-based chat over the Internet.

== M ==

=== MPO ===

[[MPO|Multi-Picture Object]] is the open file-format used by Nintendo to make 3D images. It uses Exif tags and MP tags with JPG. MPO files can be read like two JPG files stuck together.

== N ==

=== [[NCCH]] ===
A file format for storing the content of any installed [[title]]. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CXI|CXI]] and [[Glossary#CFA|CFA]] files.

=== [[NCSD]] ===
A file format for grouping up to eight [[Glossary#NCCH|NCCH]] partitions. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CCI|CCI]] files and the [[Flash_Filesystem#NAND_structure|NAND structure]].

== P ==

=== PICA200 ===

The GPU used by the 3DS. See [[Hardware#GPU]].

== S ==

=== SD Card ===

Secure Digital Cards are common type of memory cards used by the 3DS, digital cameras, music players, etc. The standard SD card has a maximum capacity of 2 gigabytes (2048 megabytes); however, some 4 GB cards exist but are rare. These cards usually do not have great compatibility with non-SDHC products, even though they are not SDHC, so 2 GB is the preferable size.

=== SDHC ===

Secure Digital High Capacity Card are a type of SD cards with a higher storage capacity than normal ones. These are theoretically capable of holding up to 2 terabytes of space, but are politically limited by the current standards to 32 gigabytes.

=== syscore ===

syscore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run the operating system software stack. The other core is called [[#appcore|appcore]].

== T ==

=== Ticket ===
A [[ticket]] is a file containing signature and encryption information on a particular [[Glossary#Title|title]]. Tickets may be console-unique: In particular, tickets for [[eShop]] contents are issued uniquely for each 3DS and hence cannot be transferred directly to other devices. System titles (and other content not available on eShop) are using tickets called [[Ticket#Some_facts|CommonETickets]], which are common to all devices.

=== Title ===

A [[Titles|title]] is a 3DS Game on a card or in a 3DS. This includes the built-in channels and menus. A title is identified by a unique title ID, an 8 byte (4 character) long code used for title identification. All titles are encrypted for security purposes.

Related pages: [[Title list]], [[Glossary#Title_Metadata_.28TMD.29|Title Metadata]], [[Glossary#Ticket|Ticket]], [[Title Database]]

=== Title Metadata (TMD) ===

[[Title metadata]] is a format used for storing metadata about a title and its installed contents, including which contents they consist of and their SHA1 hashes.

=== TWL ===

Codename used for the Nintendo DSi.

Related pages: [[FIRM#TWL_FIRM|TWL FIRM]], [[ARM7 Registers]]

Glossary

2016-12-11T23:20:12Z

Lynn: /* C */ add CIA

A miniature dictionary for terms that may be encountered on 3DSBrew.

<div class="noautonum">__TOC__</div>

== A ==

=== AXI WRAM ===

The name given to 512KiB of SRAM ("Work" RAM) connected to the SOC via AXI. It is where the ARM11 kernel resides.

=== appcore ===

appcore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run games and other [[NCCH]] content. The other core is called [[#syscore|syscore]].

== C ==

=== C ===

A language homebrew developers program in, also used to make everything from web browsers to timers for computers.

=== C++ ===

An object oriented language homebrew developers program in. Like its name suggests, C++ is essentially a step up from C.

=== CCI ===
[[NCSD#Overview|CTR Cart Image]]. A file extension for game ROM images. The file format is a specialisation of the [[NCSD]] container format.

=== CFA ===
[[NCCH#CFA|CTR File Archive]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain non-executable data.

=== CIA ===
[[CIA|CTR Importable Archive]]. A file extension for archives from [[Title_list|Nintendo's CDN]].

=== Citra ===
A work-in-progress Nintendo 3DS emulator.

=== CTR ===
Nintendo’s codename for the Nintendo 3DS.

=== CXI ===
[[NCCH#CXI|CTR eXecutable Image]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain executable code.

== D ==

=== DSi ===

A handheld console created by Nintendo. It is the second successor to the Nintendo DS, and the 6th generation portable Nintendo gaming system. It features two (larger) screens, two cameras, and an online shop system. The menu is also overhauled, now using similar channels as used on the Wii. It has a screen brightness that can be set to one step higher than the DS Lite.

=== DS Lite ===

The predecessor to the DSi. It came after the original DS PHAT and has a screen that can be set to 4x as bright as the DS PHAT.

=== DS "PHAT" ===

The original Nintendo DS. It ended up being the successor to the Game Boy, though Nintendo did not intend for this to happen. It added a touch screen.

=== DSP ===

Digital Signal Processor. The 3DS uses a DSP core to do the audio mixing instead of relaying on dedicated mixing hardware like the predecessor.

=== DSiWare ===

A platform started by Nintendo that allows developers to cheaply create and then sell original content at low prices (compared to the prices of brand new DSi games). All DSiWare games are available on the DSi Shop Channel on the main menu.

=== Dump ===

To extract the protected contents of something like a chip, NAND drive or disc which are otherwise inaccessible and/or incomprehensible under normal circumstances.

=== DS Download Play ===

Another application built into the Nintendo 3DS firmware. It is a place where people can download multiplayer games from another DS or 3DS. With those compatible games it is possible to use only one game card while playing with several people.

== E ==

=== Exploit ===

A circumvention of security allowing a user to perform tasks that are not normally permitted. Often several exploits will be employed in a series with the user gaining increased authority over a system at each step, the goal typically being complete access and control.

== F ==

=== FCRAM ===

FCRAM (Fast Cycle RAM) is a new technology developed by the Fujitsu Corporation that approaches the problem of DRAM/Processor speed in a different way. It is one of the components of 3DS hardware.

== G ==

=== gx ===

The official API provided by Nintendo to access the 3DS's graphics subsystem.

== H ==

=== Hexadecimal (Hex) ===

A term used to describe the base 16 number system, in which each digit represents four bits. After the digits 0-9, the letters A-F are used to represent the values 10-15. Hexadecimal is the preferred format for displaying binary data, as it is easy to mentally convert to/from binary and uses only 2 characters per byte.

=== Home Menu ===

The 3DS's [[Home Menu]] is the main interface which appears after the health warning screen when the system is powered on. In the 3DS this is where all of your default and downloaded channels and games are.

== I ==

=== IRC ===

Internet Relay Chat is, real-time text-based chat over the Internet.

== M ==

=== MPO ===

[[MPO|Multi-Picture Object]] is the open file-format used by Nintendo to make 3D images. It uses Exif tags and MP tags with JPG. MPO files can be read like two JPG files stuck together.

== N ==

=== [[NCCH]] ===
A file format for storing the content of any installed [[title]]. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CXI|CXI]] and [[Glossary#CFA|CFA]] files.

=== [[NCSD]] ===
A file format for grouping up to eight [[Glossary#NCCH|NCCH]] partitions. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CCI|CCI]] files and the [[Flash_Filesystem#NAND_structure|NAND structure]].

== P ==

=== PICA200 ===

The GPU used by the 3DS. See [[Hardware#GPU]].

== S ==

=== SD Card ===

Secure Digital Cards are common type of memory cards used by the 3DS, digital cameras, music players, etc. The standard SD card has a maximum capacity of 2 gigabytes (2048 megabytes); however, some 4 GB cards exist but are rare. These cards usually do not have great compatibility with non-SDHC products, even though they are not SDHC, so 2 GB is the preferable size.

=== SDHC ===

Secure Digital High Capacity Card are a type of SD cards with a higher storage capacity than normal ones. These are theoretically capable of holding up to 2 terabytes of space, but are politically limited by the current standards to 32 gigabytes.

=== syscore ===

syscore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run the operating system software stack. The other core is called [[#appcore|appcore]].

== T ==

=== Ticket ===
A [[ticket]] is a file containing signature and encryption information on a particular [[Glossary#Title|title]]. Tickets may be console-unique: In particular, tickets for [[eShop]] contents are issued uniquely for each 3DS and hence cannot be transferred directly to other devices. System titles (and other content not available on eShop) are using tickets called [[Ticket#Some_facts|CommonETickets]], which are common to all devices.

=== [[Titles]] ===

A title is a 3DS Game on a card or in a 3DS. This includes the built-in channels and menus. A title is identified by a unique title ID, an 8 byte (4 character) long code used for title identification. All titles are encrypted for security purposes.

Related pages: [[Title list]], [[Glossary#Title_Metadata_.28TMD.29|Title Metadata]], [[Glossary#Ticket|Ticket]], [[Title Database]]

=== Title Metadata (TMD) ===

[[Title metadata]] is a format used for storing metadata about a title and its installed contents, including which contents they consist of and their SHA1 hashes.

=== TWL ===

Codename used for the Nintendo DSi.

Related pages: [[FIRM#TWL_FIRM|TWL FIRM]], [[ARM7 Registers]]

Glossary

2016-12-11T23:13:49Z

Lynn: Add some terms

A miniature dictionary for terms that may be encountered on 3DSBrew.

<div class="noautonum">__TOC__</div>

== A ==

=== AXI WRAM ===

The name given to 512KiB of SRAM ("Work" RAM) connected to the SOC via AXI. It is where the ARM11 kernel resides.

=== appcore ===

appcore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run games and other [[NCCH]] content. The other core is called [[#syscore|syscore]].

== C ==

=== C ===

A language homebrew developers program in, also used to make everything from web browsers to timers for computers.

=== C++ ===

An object oriented language homebrew developers program in. Like its name suggests, C++ is essentially a step up from C.

=== CCI ===
[[NCSD#Overview|CTR Cart Image]]. A file extension for game ROM images. The file format is a specialisation of the [[NCSD]] container format.

=== CFA ===
[[NCCH#CFA|CTR File Archive]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain non-executable data.

=== Citra ===
A work-in-progress Nintendo 3DS emulator.

=== CTR ===
Nintendo’s codename for the Nintendo 3DS.

=== CXI ===
[[NCCH#CXI|CTR eXecutable Image]]. A file extension for [[NCCH]] containers that contain executable code.

== D ==

=== DSi ===

A handheld console created by Nintendo. It is the second successor to the Nintendo DS, and the 6th generation portable Nintendo gaming system. It features two (larger) screens, two cameras, and an online shop system. The menu is also overhauled, now using similar channels as used on the Wii. It has a screen brightness that can be set to one step higher than the DS Lite.

=== DS Lite ===

The predecessor to the DSi. It came after the original DS PHAT and has a screen that can be set to 4x as bright as the DS PHAT.

=== DS "PHAT" ===

The original Nintendo DS. It ended up being the successor to the Game Boy, though Nintendo did not intend for this to happen. It added a touch screen.

=== DSP ===

Digital Signal Processor. The 3DS uses a DSP core to do the audio mixing instead of relaying on dedicated mixing hardware like the predecessor.

=== DSiWare ===

A platform started by Nintendo that allows developers to cheaply create and then sell original content at low prices (compared to the prices of brand new DSi games). All DSiWare games are available on the DSi Shop Channel on the main menu.

=== Dump ===

To extract the protected contents of something like a chip, NAND drive or disc which are otherwise inaccessible and/or incomprehensible under normal circumstances.

=== DS Download Play ===

Another application built into the Nintendo 3DS firmware. It is a place where people can download multiplayer games from another DS or 3DS. With those compatible games it is possible to use only one game card while playing with several people.

== E ==

=== Exploit ===

A circumvention of security allowing a user to perform tasks that are not normally permitted. Often several exploits will be employed in a series with the user gaining increased authority over a system at each step, the goal typically being complete access and control.

== F ==

=== FCRAM ===

FCRAM (Fast Cycle RAM) is a new technology developed by the Fujitsu Corporation that approaches the problem of DRAM/Processor speed in a different way. It is one of the components of 3DS hardware.

== G ==

=== gx ===

The official API provided by Nintendo to access the 3DS's graphics subsystem.

== H ==

=== Hexadecimal (Hex) ===

A term used to describe the base 16 number system, in which each digit represents four bits. After the digits 0-9, the letters A-F are used to represent the values 10-15. Hexadecimal is the preferred format for displaying binary data, as it is easy to mentally convert to/from binary and uses only 2 characters per byte.

=== Home Menu ===

The 3DS's [[Home Menu]] is the main interface which appears after the health warning screen when the system is powered on. In the 3DS this is where all of your default and downloaded channels and games are.

== I ==

=== IRC ===

Internet Relay Chat is, real-time text-based chat over the Internet.

== M ==

=== MPO ===

[[MPO|Multi-Picture Object]] is the open file-format used by Nintendo to make 3D images. It uses Exif tags and MP tags with JPG. MPO files can be read like two JPG files stuck together.

== N ==

=== [[NCCH]] ===
A file format for storing the content of any installed [[title]]. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CXI|CXI]] and [[Glossary#CFA|CFA]] files.

=== [[NCSD]] ===
A file format for grouping up to eight [[Glossary#NCCH|NCCH]] partitions. This is the format used by [[Glossary#CCI|CCI]] files and the [[Flash_Filesystem#NAND_structure|NAND structure]].

== P ==

=== PICA200 ===

The GPU used by the 3DS. See [[Hardware#GPU]].

== S ==

=== SD Card ===

Secure Digital Cards are common type of memory cards used by the 3DS, digital cameras, music players, etc. The standard SD card has a maximum capacity of 2 gigabytes (2048 megabytes); however, some 4 GB cards exist but are rare. These cards usually do not have great compatibility with non-SDHC products, even though they are not SDHC, so 2 GB is the preferable size.

=== SDHC ===

Secure Digital High Capacity Card are a type of SD cards with a higher storage capacity than normal ones. These are theoretically capable of holding up to 2 terabytes of space, but are politically limited by the current standards to 32 gigabytes.

=== syscore ===

syscore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run the operating system software stack. The other core is called [[#appcore|appcore]].

== T ==

=== Ticket ===
A [[ticket]] is a file containing signature and encryption information on a particular [[Glossary#Title|title]]. Tickets may be console-unique: In particular, tickets for [[eShop]] contents are issued uniquely for each 3DS and hence cannot be transferred directly to other devices. System titles (and other content not available on eShop) are using tickets called [[Ticket#Some_facts|CommonETickets]], which are common to all devices.

=== [[Titles]] ===

A title is a 3DS Game on a card or in a 3DS. This includes the built-in channels and menus. A title is identified by a unique title ID, an 8 byte (4 character) long code used for title identification. All titles are encrypted for security purposes.

Related pages: [[Title list]], [[Glossary#Title_Metadata_.28TMD.29|Title Metadata]], [[Glossary#Ticket|Ticket]], [[Title Database]]

=== Title Metadata (TMD) ===

[[Title metadata]] is a format used for storing metadata about a title and its installed contents, including which contents they consist of and their SHA1 hashes.

=== TWL ===

Codename used for the Nintendo DSi.

Related pages: [[FIRM#TWL_FIRM|TWL FIRM]], [[ARM7 Registers]]

NCCH

2016-12-11T23:09:14Z

Lynn: /* Container File Format */ colors

[[Category:File formats]]
The following text tries to document the structure of the NCCH container format. This format is used to store the content of any installed [[Titles|title]].

== Overview ==
There are two known NCCH container specializations used on the 3DS, "executable" and "non-executable", officially known as CXI and CFA, respectively.

=== CXI ===

The CXI (CTR Executable Image) specialization of the NCCH container contains executable code, which runs on a single ARM11 core.

The CXI format is structured in the following order:
* first a NCCH header,
* followed by an [[NCCH/Extended Header|extended header]],
* followed by an access descriptor,
* followed by an '''optional''' plain binary region,
* followed by an '''optional''' executable filesystem ([[ExeFS]]) - (contains ARM11 code, Home menu [[SMDH|icn]]/bnr and [[Logo|logo]]),
* and finally followed by an '''optional''' read-only filesystem ([[RomFS]]) - (Used for external file storage).

The extended header contains additional information regarding access control.
The plain binary region is an area specifically stored in plaintext, mostly containing SDK library strings for identification.

=== CFA ===

The CFA (CTR File Archive) specialization of the NCCH container is not executable, but is used in conjunction with CXI files, e.g. the DLP Child Container and the Electronic Manual. (There is a system update NCCH which follows this format, but is used by the 3DS rather than the Application NCCH, and only works when embedded in the [[CCI]] format because the nVer is kept in the header of retail [[CCI]] files instead of the application NCCH). There are CFA files which exist alone in a title, but these are just [[Title list|System Data Archive]] titles and are found only in the [[Flash Filesystem#CTR partition|NAND]].

CFA files are structured in the following order:
* first a NCCH header,
* followed by an '''optional''' executable filesystem ([[ExeFS]]) (same as in CXI, except no ARM11 code)
* followed by an '''optional''' read-only filesystem ([[RomFS]])

== Container File Format ==

=== Encryption ===
The extended header, the [[ExeFS]], and the [[RomFS]] are encrypted using [https://github.com/3dshax/ctr/blob/master/ctrtool/ncch.c 128-bit AES CTR] unless the NoCrypto flag is set in ncchflag[7]. There are different sets of encryption parameters in use, as over the time new system updates introduced more sophisticated means of encryption. Generally, the decryption key is generated using the [[AES|AES Engine]] key generator by selecting a particular key slot (see below), the keyX of which is usually set by the bootrom and keyY of which was originally set to the first 0x10 bytes of the NCCH signature.

'''NOTE: For a full understanding of the steps involved in decryption, consult the [https://github.com/Relys/Project_CTR ctrtool] and [https://github.com/archshift/Decrypt9 Decrypt9] source code instead.'''.

Starting with [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] Process9, there is a different method of generating the NCCH keyY which is enabled by setting the bitmask 0x20 in ncchflag[7]: The keyY will be set to a SHA256 hash generated with the 0x20 bytes of data constituted by the old-method-keyY and a unique content lock seed (each of which are 0x10 bytes wide), where seeds for downloaded titles that use the new crypto are stored in [[Filesystem_services#SEEDDB|SEEDDB]] (nand:/data/<console-unique>/sysdata/0001000f/00000000). The decryption is transparent to ARM11 userland: When FSUSER OpenFile is used with a NCCH archive which uses this crypto, the FS-module will add the seed-data from SEEDDB to the end of the file lowpath used for [[FSPXI:OpenFile]], using which Process9 then gets the hash for calculating the NCCH keyY. It has been observed that this new keyY generation is only used for [[RomFS]] and for [[ExeFS]] sections other than "icon" and "banner" (the same sections which would be used for the additional NCCH keyslots, however this keyY generation can be used without any additional NCCH keyslot). Not applying the encryption to "icon" and "banner" was presumably done to support pre-loading of games from the eShop (i.e. being able to download and install titles without being able to start them until official release).

If a certain NCCH flag is set, a fixed AES key is used. There are two fixed keys, one for titles which have the system category bit set (SystemFixedKey), and one for the rest ("zeros" key). These are debug keys, as they aren't nomally supported on retail systems.

As of [[7.0.0-13|7.0.0-X]] the system supports a new encryption method for secure-crypto (when ncchflag[3] != 0). Where a second key is generated using the same keyY but with another [[AES|keyslot]]. The second key is used to crypt the [[RomFS]] and [[ExeFS]] files which don't have filenames "icon" or "banner" (i.e. ".code" and ".firm"). While everything else is crypted with the original key. Note the CTR used is the same for both keys. This makes titles "recognizable" but not "launchable" on systems which don't support this method or the keyslot used.

See below for the secondary keyslots used in NCCH crypto(as mentioned above). As of [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]], Old3DS Process9 will *only* use secondary-keyslot 0x25 when ncchflag[3] is non-zero.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! ncchflag[3]
! FW Introduced
! Old3DS
! [[AES#Keyslot|AES Keyslots]]
! Notes
|-
| 0x01
| [[7.0.0-13|7.0.0-X]]
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| 0x25
| This keyslot is [[Savegames|initialized]] by the 6.0 gamecard savegame keyY init function during boot, using a different portion of the [[Savegames|final]] hash (this keyslot is separate from the one used for the 6.0 save crypto).
|-
| 0x0A
| [[9.3.0-21|9.3.0-X]]
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| 0x18
| This keyslot is initialized by [[FIRM#New_3DS_FIRM|arm9loader]] on New3DS starting with [[8.1.0-0_New3DS]], but only [[9.3.0-21|9.3.0-X]] and later know how to use it with ncchflag[3].
|-
| 0x0B
| [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]]
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| 0x1B
| [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]]'s [[FIRM#New_3DS_FIRM|arm9loader]] changed the contents of keyslots 0x19-0x1F; 9.6.0-X was the first time they were officially used, so this is not a breaking change (there is no content that would use the old versions of those keys).
|}

=== Format ===

Currently, only [[ExeFS]]:/.code can be compressed (with a LZ77 variant). A flag in the [[NCCH/Extended Header#System Info|exheader]] determines if this is the case.

On retail for SD applications, exheader_systeminfoflags.flag bit1 must be set.

Retail CFAs use the default NCCH product code "CTR-P-CTAP", while retail title/gamecard CXIs use NCCH product code "CTR-X-XXXX". This product code is the NCCH [[Serials|serial code]]. The region-locking info checked by home menu is stored in the [[SMDH#BNR Region|icon]].

All of the hashes stored in this NCCH header are over the cleartext data. The ExeFS/RomFS superblock starts at offset 0x0 in the ExeFS/RomFS, and the size is specified by the hash region fields. Nintendo's NCCH validation code seems to have the size of this region fixed to 0x200 bytes (for ExeFS at least).

As of [[5.0.0-11]] the application [[ExeFS]]:/logo can be loaded from the plaintext region between the access descriptor and the plain region, all applications built since [[5.0.0-11]] store the logo here. The size of this logo is always 0x2000-bytes.

The plain region mainly contains tags for each SDK library used when building the CXI. The version used for the "FIRMWARE" tag is the kernel/FIRM [[Configuration_Memory|version]], this version can also be stored in the exheader "kernel release version" ARM11 kernel descriptor field. As of [[2.2.0-X]] the NATIVE_FIRM kernels check the CXI exheader "kernel release version" field, if it is stored in the CXI exheader. If the kernel/FIRM version specified by this field is higher than the version of the running NATIVE_FIRM, the kernel will return error-code 0xD9001413.

=== NCCH Header ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x000
| 0x100
| RSA-2048 signature of the NCCH header, using SHA-256.
|-
| 0x100
| 4
| Magic ID, always 'NCCH'
|-
| 0x104
| 4
| Content size, in media units (1 media unit = 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x108
| 8
| Partition ID
|-
| 0x110
| 2
| Maker code
|-
| 0x112
| 2
| Version
|-
| 0x114
| 4
| When ncchflag[7] = 0x20 starting with FIRM [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]], this is compared with the first output u32 from a SHA256 hash. The data used for that hash is 0x18-bytes: <0x10-long title-unique content lock seed> <programID from NCCH+0x118>. This hash is only used for verification of the content lock seed, and is not the actual keyY.
|-
| 0x118
| 8
| Program ID
|-
| 0x120
| 0x10
| Reserved
|-
| 0x130
| 0x20
| Logo Region SHA-256 hash. (For applications built with SDK 5+) (Supported from firmware: [[5.0.0-11]])
|-
| 0x150
| 0x10
| Product code
|-
| 0x160
| 0x20
| Extended header SHA-256 hash (SHA256 of 2x Alignment Size, beginning at 0x0 of ExHeader)
|-
| 0x180
| 4
| Extended header size, in bytes
|-
| 0x184
| 4
| Reserved
|-
| 0x188
| 8
| Flags (See Below)
|-
| 0x190
| 4
| Plain region offset, in media units
|-
| 0x194
| 4
| Plain region size, in media units
|-
| 0x198
| 4
| Logo Region offset, in media units (For applications built with SDK 5+) (Supported from firmware: [[5.0.0-11]])
|-
| 0x19c
| 4
| Logo Region size, in media units (For applications built with SDK 5+) (Supported from firmware: [[5.0.0-11]])
|-
| 0x1A0
| 4
| ExeFS offset, in media units
|-
| 0x1A4
| 4
| ExeFS size, in media units
|-
| 0x1A8
| 4
| ExeFS hash region size, in media units
|-
| 0x1AC
| 4
| Reserved
|-
| 0x1B0
| 4
| RomFS offset, in media units
|-
| 0x1B4
| 4
| RomFS size, in media units
|-
| 0x1B8
| 4
| RomFS hash region size, in media units
|-
| 0x1BC
| 4
| Reserved
|-
| 0x1C0
| 0x20
| ExeFS superblock SHA-256 hash - (SHA-256 hash, starting at 0x0 of the ExeFS over the number of media units specified in the ExeFS hash region size)
|-
| 0x1E0
| 0x20
| RomFS superblock SHA-256 hash - (SHA-256 hash, starting at 0x0 of the RomFS over the number of media units specified in the RomFS hash region size)
|}

Given offsets are based on the start of the file.

=== NCCH Flags ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! INDEX
! DESCRIPTION
|-
| 3
| Crypto Method: When this is non-zero, a NCCH crypto method using two keyslots is used(see above).
|-
| 4
| Content Platform: 1 = CTR, 2 = snake (New 3DS).
|-
| 5
| Content Type Bit-masks: Data = 0x1, Executable = 0x2, SystemUpdate = 0x4, Manual = 0x8, Child = (0x4<nowiki>|</nowiki>0x8), Trial = 0x10. When 'Data' is set, but not 'Executable', NCCH is a CFA. Otherwise when 'Executable' is set, NCCH is a CXI.
|-
| 6
| Content Unit Size i.e. u32 ContentUnitSize = 0x200*2^flags[6];
|-
| 7
| Bit-masks: FixedCryptoKey = 0x1, NoMountRomFs = 0x2, NoCrypto = 0x4, using a new keyY generator = 0x20(starting with FIRM [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]]).
|}
CXIs NCCH header signature is verified using the RSA public key stored in the accessdesc,(which follows the exheader) while CFAs NCCH header is verified with a fixed RSA public key.

==== NCCH header example for Lego Starwars III ====
Signature: 720FF8F83F2A1E998322A026D1434165
ED19642ABC1CB2722135AA202BEAD60A
80BCD21C768C597B8268FEF2C64EA710
4C9BA5E12CFFBD1D0C619F4EF7B42CA7
DD8482CB4EB26720AD66CDA57ABCBCFB
D63268A6E2896A59B3B744E39E45B88A
ABB4C0980ACC6210818DCE6DAC838A10
95D0F66B352474D4B3DA4B333F49912D
29AF7EA58BC8C890B18C70B7D540A9FB
EBE24A5312055617D3353B28C3EB1D17
61021BEFF6AD22C384835B40BD44DFAD
981F6350F9458B17BCB5F768C92ABC93
2BCE9888855A8998F4CDE40C9543514A
C57B84EB75A680E7C742632614620D1D
A253284DF3DC01091EB3800C36FD62EE
BA15340F1FD498FAB67C0302E9CDA397
Magic: NCCH
Content size: 0x1cfef400
Partition id: 0004000000038c00
Maker code: 3436 ("46")
Version: 0002
Program id: 0004000000038c00
Temp flag: 00
Product code: CTR-P-ALGP
Extended header hash: 0C27E3C1DE7B2AE2D3114F32A4EEBF46
9AFD0CF352C11D4984C2A9F1D2144C63
Extended header size: 00000400
Flags: 0000030100000000
Plain region offset: 0x00004a00
Plain region size: 0x00000200
ExeFS offset: 0x00004c00
ExeFS size: 0x00143800
ExeFS hash region size: 0x00000200
RomFS offset: 0x00148400
RomFS size: 0x1ceab000
RomFS hash region size: 0x00000200
ExeFS Superblock Hash: 130C042615F647C4C63225EA9E67F8A2
7B15246B88FBC7A927257B84977B787B
RomFS Superblock Hash: A65BEE1060BB6A6821BBCEC600035B7E
64FB6EACA7F0960CFB1F5A37087728F7
Note: Offsets and sizes in media units have been converted to byte sizes.

==== Plain region example for Lego Starwars III ====
0004a00: 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4e 49 4e 54 45 4e 44 4f 3a 43 54 [SDK+NINTENDO:CT [SDK+NINTENDO:CTR_SDK-0_14_23_200_none]
0004a10: 52 5f 53 44 4b 2d 30 5f 31 34 5f 32 33 5f 32 30 R_SDK-0_14_23_20
0004a20: 30 5f 6e 6f 6e 65 5d 00 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4e 49 4e 0_none].[SDK+NIN [SDK+NINTENDO:Firmware-02_27]
0004a30: 54 45 4e 44 4f 3a 46 69 72 6d 77 61 72 65 2d 30 TENDO:Firmware-0
0004a40: 32 5f 32 37 5d 00 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4d 6f 62 69 63 2_27].[SDK+Mobic [SDK+Mobiclip:Deblocker_1_0_2]
0004a50: 6c 69 70 3a 44 65 62 6c 6f 63 6b 65 72 5f 31 5f lip:Deblocker_1_
0004a60: 30 5f 32 5d 00 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4d 6f 62 69 63 6c 0_2].[SDK+Mobicl [SDK+Mobiclip:ImaAdpcmDec_1_0_0]
0004a70: 69 70 3a 49 6d 61 41 64 70 63 6d 44 65 63 5f 31 ip:ImaAdpcmDec_1
0004a80: 5f 30 5f 30 5d 00 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4d 6f 62 69 63 _0_0].[SDK+Mobic [SDK+Mobiclip:MobiclipDec_1_0_1]
0004a90: 6c 69 70 3a 4d 6f 62 69 63 6c 69 70 44 65 63 5f lip:MobiclipDec_
0004aa0: 31 5f 30 5f 31 5d 00 5b 53 44 4b 2b 4d 6f 62 69 1_0_1].[SDK+Mobi [SDK+Mobiclip:MoflexDemuxer_1_0_2]
0004ab0: 63 6c 69 70 3a 4d 6f 66 6c 65 78 44 65 6d 75 78 clip:MoflexDemux
0004ac0: 65 72 5f 31 5f 30 5f 32 5d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 er_1_0_2].......
0004ad0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0004ae0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................

==== Example dependency list from the extended header ====
00850 41 50 54 3A 55 00 00 00 24 68 69 6F 46 49 4F 00 APT:U...$hioFIO.
00860 24 68 6F 73 74 69 6F 30 24 68 6F 73 74 69 6F 31 $hostio0$hostio1
00870 61 63 3A 75 00 00 00 00 62 6F 73 73 3A 55 00 00 ac:u....boss:U..
00880 63 61 6D 3A 75 00 00 00 63 65 63 64 3A 75 00 00 cam:u...cecd:u..
00890 63 66 67 3A 75 00 00 00 64 6C 70 3A 46 4B 43 4C cfg:u...dlp:FKCL
008A0 64 6C 70 3A 53 52 56 52 64 73 70 3A 3A 44 53 50 dlp:SRVRdsp::DSP
008B0 66 72 64 3A 75 00 00 00 66 73 3A 55 53 45 52 00 frd:u...fs:USER.
008C0 67 73 70 3A 3A 47 70 75 68 69 64 3A 55 53 45 52 gsp::Gpuhid:USER
008D0 68 74 74 70 3A 43 00 00 6D 69 63 3A 75 00 00 00 http:C..mic:u...
008E0 6E 64 6D 3A 75 00 00 00 6E 65 77 73 3A 75 00 00 ndm:u...<nowiki>news:u..</nowiki>
008F0 6E 77 6D 3A 3A 55 44 53 70 74 6D 3A 75 00 00 00 nwm::UDSptm:u...
00900 70 78 69 3A 64 65 76 00 73 6F 63 3A 55 00 00 00 pxi:dev.soc:U...
00910 73 73 6C 3A 43 00 00 00 79 32 72 3A 75 00 00 00 ssl:C...y2r:u...
00920 69 72 3A 55 53 45 52 00 6C 64 72 3A 72 6F 00 00 ir:USER.ldr:ro..
00930 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00940 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00950 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00960 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
... ...
009D0 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
009E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
009F0 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 . .............

== Tools ==

[https://github.com/profi200/Project_CTR/tree/master/ctrtool ctrtool] - (CMD)(Windows/Linux) Parsing and decrypting (debug only) NCCH files

Flash Filesystem

2016-12-11T22:58:36Z

Lynn: /* NAND structure */ nicer colors in table

The Nintendo 3DS has a 1GB NAND Flash chip. Due to the NCSD header, the actual used size of the Old3DS NAND is 0x3AF00000-bytes(943MiB). On New3DS, the actual NAND size and the total size used by the partitions, is 0x4D800000-bytes(1240MiB).

===Format===
Reading of the flash chip is possible through pinouts on the motherboard and has been performed successfully but the data is encrypted and can't be understood without first decrypting it.

===Region Changing===
See [https://gist.github.com/yellows8/f15be7a51c38cea14f2c here].

===Redirection to SD card===
See [[NAND_Redirection]].

===Encryption===

The NAND file system is encrypted using [[AES|AES-CTR]]. The TWL regions of NAND use the TWL NAND [[AES|keyslot]], while the CTR regions use the CTR NAND [[AES|keyslots]]. The keyslot used for each partition is determined by the NCSD partition FS type and encryption type. The TWL/CTR NAND regions are specified by the NCSD header. The first 0x0B100000 bytes of NAND is encrypted with the TWL keyslot, however before 0x00012E00 only the MBR partition table is encrypted with the TWL keyslot. That region contains the TWL partitions listed below.

The New3DS CTRNAND partition uses a [[AES|keyslot]] separate from the Old3DS one.

Note that re-encrypting a NAND image alone from another 3DS for use on a different 3DS is not enough to use that NAND image on a different 3DS: certain files in the "nand" partition would need modified/replaced as well.

===NAND structure===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Old3DS
! New3DS
! Partition name
! Offset
! Size
! NCSD partition FS type
! NCSD partition encryption type
! NCSD partition index
! [[AES_Registers|AES]] engine keyslot
! Description
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
|
| 0x0
| 0x200
|
|
|
|
| [[NCSD]] header, this contains the offsets/sizes of the below CTR-NAND partitions. This block also contains the TWL-NAND MBR partition table.
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
|
| 0x00000000
| 0x0B100000
| 0x01
| 0x01
| 0x00
| 0x03
| TWL NAND region
|-
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
|
| 0x00012C00
| 0x200
|
|
|
| See below.
| Console-unique encrypted New3DS key-storage, see below.
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| twln
| 0x00012E00
| 0x08FB5200
|
|
|
| 0x03
| TWL-NAND FAT16 File System. (DSi)
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| twlp
| 0x09011A00
| 0x020B6600
|
|
|
| 0x03
| TWL-NAND PHOTO FAT12 File System. (DSi)
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
|
| 0x0B100000
| 0x00030000
| 0x04
| 0x02
| 0x01
| 0x07
| By default this partition is empty(only contains 0x00/0xFF bytes since it was never written to), when AGB_FIRM was never launched. This contains the AGB_FIRM GBA savegame.
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| firm0
| 0x0B130000
| 0x00400000
| 0x03
| 0x02
| 0x02
| 0x06
| [[FIRM|Firmware]] partition.
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| firm1
| 0x0B530000
| 0x00400000
| 0x03
| 0x02
| 0x03
| 0x06
| [[FIRM|Firmware]] partition.(Backup partition, same as above)
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
|
| 0x0B930000
| 0x2F5D0000
| 0x01
| 0x02
| 0x04
| 0x04
| CTR-NAND partition. (3DS)
|-
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| nand
| 0x0B95CA00
| 0x2F3E3600
|
|
|
| 0x04
| CTR-NAND FAT16 File System.
|-
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
|
| 0x0B930000
| 0x41ED0000
| 0x01
| 0x03
| 0x04
| 0x05
| CTR-NAND partition. (New3DS)
|-
| style="background: #ffccbb" | No
| style="background: #ccffbb" | Yes
| nand
| 0x0B95AE00
| 0x41D2D200
|
|
|
| 0x05
| CTR-NAND FAT16 File System.
|}

3DS TWL NAND FAT partitions has FAT volume name "TWL", for CTR FAT partitions this is "CTR". The offset/size for TWL partitions are stored in the MBR partition table, while the CTR partition table info is stored in the NAND NCSD header. Sector0 in the CTR-NAND partition contains a MBR partition table for the nand FAT16 filesystem, and the MBR signature at +0x1fe.

NAND sectors which were never written to before only contain plaintext 0x00 or 0xFF bytes.

None of the NAND partitions are normally accessible from the ARM11, except for twlp. CTR/TWL NAND FS can only be accessed when the exheader access control descriptor for those are enabled. Normally the CTR/TWL NAND descriptors are never enabled for retail ARM11 [[NCCH#CXI|CXI]] processes. The ARM11 can only access "nand:/rw/" mounted as the nandrw [[FS:OpenArchive|archive]], and "nand:/ro/" mounted as the nandro archive below.

==== 0x4000 ====
On some 3DS systems(such as 3DS XL), there's a plaintext FAT16 boot record located at NAND offset 0x4000. This block does not exist for launch-day 3DS systems. This is the only plaintext block for this "partition".

==== 0x12C00 ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x10
| Normal-key for keyslot 0x11, used for generating the rest of the New3DS keyslots' keyX by decrypting various data with AES-ECB. With [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]] this is only used for generating the keyX for keyslots 0x15 and 0x18.
|-
| 0x10
| 0x10
| [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]]: Additional normal-key for keyslot 0x11, used for generating the keyX for keyslots 0x16 and 0x19..0x1F.
|-
| 0x20
| 0x1E0
| Not yet used as of New3DS FIRM [[9.6.0-24|9.6.0-X]].
|}

This 0x200-byte sector contains New3DS keys, this entire sector is encrypted with a console-unique keyX+keyY. The keyX+keyY for this is generated by the New3DS [[FIRM|arm9bin-loader]]. Once the arm9bin-loader finishes decrypting this data, the keyX+keyY in the keyslot are then cleared, then the memory used for generating the keydata is disabled(after it finishes using it for TWL key init).

This entire sector is encrypted with AES-ECB, the entire plaintext sector is identical for all retail and dev New3DS systems (differing between the two).

=CTR partition=
The structure of [[nand/title]] appears to be exactly the same as [[SD Filesystem|SD]], except savegames are stored under the [[System SaveData|nand/data/<ID0>/sysdata]] directory instead.
The sub-directory name under [[nand/data]] is the SHA256 hash over the [[nand/private/movable.sed|movable.sed]] keyY. This nand/data/<ID0> directory is the NAND equivalent of the "sdmc/Nintendo 3DS/<ID0>/<ID1>" directory, however the data contained here is stored in cleartext. The movable.sed keyY is only used for AES MACs for nand/data/<ID0>. The nand/data/<ID0>/extdata directory contains the shared [[extdata]], and is structured exactly the same way as SD extdata.

nand
├── __journal.nn_
├── [[nand/data|data]]
│ └── <ID0>
│ ├── [[Extdata|extdata]]
│ └── [[System SaveData|sysdata]]
├── [[Title Database|dbs]]
├── [[nand/fixdata|fixdata]]
│ └── [[nand/fixdata/sysdata|sysdata]]
├── private
│ └── [[nand/private/movable.sed|movable.sed]]
├── [[nand/ro|ro]]
├── [[nand/rw|rw]]
├── [[nand/ticket|ticket]] (This directory is empty since tickets are stored in [[Title Database|ticket.db]])
├── [[Title Data Structure|title]]
└── [[nand/tmp|tmp]] (This is usually empty, even when installation for a system update still needs [[AMNet:FinishInstallToMedia|finalized]])

The "ro" and "rw" directories are accessible through the "nandrw" and "nandro" [[FS:OpenArchive|archives]], respectively. Their contents are as follows:

ro
├── [[nandro/private|private]]
├── [[nandro/shared|shared]]
└── [[nandro/sys|sys]]
├── [[nandro/sys/HWCAL0.dat|HWCAL0.dat]]
└── [[nandro/sys/HWCAL1.dat|HWCAL1.dat]]
rw
├── [[nandrw/shared|shared]]
└── [[nandrw/sys|sys]]
├── [[nandrw/sys/lgy.log|lgy.log]] (This is written to by [[FIRM|TWL_FIRM]] when errors occur, this is equivalent to native.log)
├── [[nandrw/sys/LocalFriendCodeSeed_B|LocalFriendCodeSeed_B]]
├── [[nandrw/sys/native.log|native.log]] (This is written to by [[ErrDisp]])
├── [[nandrw/sys/rand_seed|rand_seed]]
├── [[nandrw/sys/SecureInfo_A|SecureInfo_A]]
└── [[nandrw/sys/updater.log|updater.log]]

=TWL partition=
The structure of these TWL partitions is mostly the same as DSi, except tickets are stored in the CTR FAT FS. The twlp partition is exactly the same as DSi.
The structure of [[twln/title]] is exactly the same as CTR NAND/SD, except the .cmd file is a cleartext file.(This is likely a dummy file) The data directory under system titles' /title directory does not exist, this likely only exists for DSiWare.
The directory names titleID-High used under [[twln/title]] is from DSi.

twln
├── [[twln/import/|import]]
├── [[twln/shared1/|shared1]]
├── [[twln/shared2/|shared2]]
│ └── [[twln/shared2/0000|0000]]
├── [[twln/sys|sys]]
│ ├── [[twln/sys/TWLFontTable.dat|TWLFontTable.dat]]
│ └── [[twln/sys/log/|log]]
│ ├── [[twln/sys/log/inspect.log|inspect.log]]
│ └── [[twln/sys/log/product.log|product.log]]
├── [[twln/ticket/|ticket]]
├── [[twln/title/|title]]
└── [[twln/tmp/|tmp]]

twlp
└── [[twlp/photo/|photo]]

Glossary

2016-12-11T22:46:51Z

Lynn: Fix some links

A miniature dictionary for terms that may be encountered on 3DSBrew.

<div class="noautonum">__TOC__</div>

== A ==

=== AXI WRAM ===

The name given to 512KiB of SRAM ("Work" RAM) connected to the SOC via AXI. It is where the ARM11 kernel resides.

=== appcore ===

appcore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run games and other [[NCCH]] content. The other core is called [[#syscore|syscore]].

== C ==

=== C ===

A language homebrew developers program in, also used to make everything from web browsers to timers for computers.

=== C++ ===

An object oriented language homebrew developers program in. Like its name suggests, C++ is essentially a step up from C.

== D ==

=== DSi ===

A handheld console created by Nintendo. It is the second successor to the Nintendo DS, and the 6th generation portable Nintendo gaming system. It features two (larger) screens, two cameras, and an online shop system. The menu is also overhauled, now using similar channels as used on the Wii. It has a screen brightness that can be set to one step higher than the DS Lite.

=== DS Lite ===

The predecessor to the DSi. It came after the original DS PHAT and has a screen that can be set to 4x as bright as the DS PHAT.

=== DS "PHAT" ===

The original Nintendo DS. It ended up being the successor to the Game Boy, though Nintendo did not intend for this to happen. It added a touch screen.

=== DSP ===

Digital Signal Processor. The 3DS uses a DSP core to do the audio mixing instead of relaying on dedicated mixing hardware like the predecessor.

=== DSiWare ===

A platform started by Nintendo that allows developers to cheaply create and then sell original content at low prices (compared to the prices of brand new DSi games). All DSiWare games are available on the DSi Shop Channel on the main menu.

=== Dump ===

To extract the protected contents of something like a chip, NAND drive or disc which are otherwise inaccessible and/or incomprehensible under normal circumstances.

=== DS Download Play ===

Another application built into the Nintendo 3DS firmware. It is a place where people can download multiplayer games from another DS or 3DS. With those compatible games it is possible to use only one game card while playing with several people.

== E ==

=== Exploit ===

A circumvention of security allowing a user to perform tasks that are not normally permitted. Often several exploits will be employed in a series with the user gaining increased authority over a system at each step, the goal typically being complete access and control.

== F ==

=== FCRAM ===

FCRAM (Fast Cycle RAM) is a new technology developed by the Fujitsu Corporation that approaches the problem of DRAM/Processor speed in a different way. It is one of the components of 3DS hardware.

== G ==

=== gx ===

The official API provided by Nintendo to access the 3DS's graphics subsystem.

== H ==

=== Hexadecimal (Hex) ===

A term used to describe the base 16 number system, in which each digit represents four bits. After the digits 0-9, the letters A-F are used to represent the values 10-15. Hexadecimal is the preferred format for displaying binary data, as it is easy to mentally convert to/from binary and uses only 2 characters per byte.

=== Home Menu ===

The 3DS's [[Home Menu]] is the main interface which appears after the health warning screen when the system is powered on. In the 3DS this is where all of your default and downloaded channels and games are.

== I ==

=== IRC ===

Internet Relay Chat is, real-time text-based chat over the Internet.

== M ==

=== MPO ===

[[MPO|Multi-Picture Object]] is the open file-format used by Nintendo to make 3D images. It uses Exif tags and MP tags with JPG. MPO files can be read like two JPG files stuck together.

== P ==

=== PICA200 ===

The GPU used by the 3DS. See [[Hardware#GPU]].

== S ==

=== SD Card ===

Secure Digital Cards are common type of memory cards used by the 3DS, digital cameras, music players, etc. The standard SD card has a maximum capacity of 2 gigabytes (2048 megabytes); however, some 4 GB cards exist but are rare. These cards usually do not have great compatibility with non-SDHC products, even though they are not SDHC, so 2 GB is the preferable size.

=== SDHC ===

Secure Digital High Capacity Card are a type of SD cards with a higher storage capacity than normal ones. These are theoretically capable of holding up to 2 terabytes of space, but are politically limited by the current standards to 32 gigabytes.

=== syscore ===

syscore is the name given to one of the Old 3DS's ARM11 CPU cores. It refers to the core that is used to run the operating system software stack. The other core is called [[#appcore|appcore]].

== T ==

=== Ticket ===
A [[ticket]] is a file containing signature and encryption information on a particular [[Glossary#Title|title]]. Tickets may be console-unique: In particular, tickets for [[eShop]] contents are issued uniquely for each 3DS and hence cannot be transferred directly to other devices. System titles (and other content not available on eShop) are using tickets called [[Ticket#Some_facts|CommonETickets]], which are common to all devices.

=== [[Titles]] ===

A title is a 3DS Game on a card or in a 3DS. This includes the built-in channels and menus. A title is identified by a unique title ID, an 8 byte (4 character) long code used for title identification. All titles are encrypted for security purposes.

Related pages: [[Title list]], [[Glossary#Title_Metadata_.28TMD.29|Title Metadata]], [[Glossary#Ticket|Ticket]], [[Title Database]]

=== Title Metadata (TMD) ===

[[Title metadata]] is a format used for storing metadata about a title and its installed contents, including which contents they consist of and their SHA1 hashes.

=== TWL ===

Codename used for the Nintendo DSi.

Related pages: [[FIRM#TWL_FIRM|TWL FIRM]], [[ARM7 Registers]]